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返回基础:阻抗匹配(Part 2)

March 1, 2012
L-NETWORK是一个简单的电感电容器(LC)电路,可用于匹配RF电路中的各种阻抗。涵盖狭窄频率范围的任何RF电路应用程序都是L网络的候选者。

This article is part of theAnalog系列:返回基础:阻抗匹配

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在阻抗匹配期间,特定的电子负载(RL)以匹配发电机输出阻抗(Rg) for maximum power transfer. The need arises in virtually all electronic circuits, especially in RF circuit design.

返回基础:阻抗匹配(Part 1)” discusses the use of a transformer as a basic way to match impedance. This article will introduce the L-network, which is a simple inductor-capacitor (LC) circuit that can be used to match a wide range of impedances in RF circuits.


L-Network Applications And Configurations

L-NETWORKS的主要应用涉及在RF电路,发射机和接收器中的阻抗匹配。L-NETWORKS可用于将一个放大器输出与以下阶段的输入匹配。另一个用途是将天线阻抗与发射机输出或接收器输入匹配。涵盖狭窄频率范围的任何RF电路应用程序都是L网络的候选者。

L-Network有四个基本版本,有两个低通版本和两个高通版本(图。1). The low-pass versions are probably the most widely used since they attenuate harmonics, noise, and other undesired signals, as is usually necessary in RF designs. The key design criteria are the magnitudes and relative sizes of the driving generator output impedance and load impedance.


与之匹配的阻抗决定了电路的Q,该Q无法指定或控制。如果控制Q和带宽至关重要,则T或P-NETWORK是一个更好的选择。这些选择将在随后的文章中涵盖。

尽管L-Network非常通用,但它可能不符合所有需求。它可以匹配的阻抗范围有限制。在某些情况下,计算的电感或电容值可能太大或太小,无法实用,对于给定的频率范围。有时可以通过从低通版本转换为高通版本,反之亦然,可以克服此问题。

Design Example #1

目标是将低功率RF晶体管放大器的输出阻抗与50输出负载匹配,而50Ω是大多数接收器,发射器和RF电路的通用标准。大多数功率放大器具有低输出阻抗,通常小于50Ω。


Figure 2显示所需的电路。假设在76 MHz的频率下,放大器输出(发电机)阻抗为10Ω。使用给出的公式计算所需的电感器和电容器值Figure 1a:

q = v \\ [(rL/ Rg) - 1 \\]

q = v \\ [(50/10) - 1 \\] = v \\ [(5) - 1 \\] = v4 = 2

XL= QRg= 2(10)=20Ω

l = xL/2pf

l = 20/\\ [2(3.14)(76 x 106) \ \]

L = 42 NH

XC= rL/ Q

XC= 50/2 = 25 Ω

C = 1/2pfXC

C = 1/\\ [2(3.14)(76 x 106)(25)\\]

C = 83.8 pF

该解决方案省略了任何输出阻抗电抗,例如晶体管放大器输出电容或电感以及任何可能是分流电容或串联电感的载荷电抗。当已知这些因素时,可以补偿计算值。

The bandwidth (BW) of the circuit is relatively wide given the low Q of 2:

bw = f/q = 76 x 106/2 = 38 x 106= 38 MHz


You can see how this matching network functions by converting the parallel combination of the 50-Ω resistive load and the 25-Ω capacitive reactance into its series equivalent(图3):

Rs= rp/(q2+ 1)

Rs= 50/(22+ 1) = 10 Ω

Xs= xp/\\ [(q2+ 1)Q2\\]

Xs= 25 /(5/4) = 25/1.25 = 20Ω

请注意,串联等效电容抗性如何等于和取消串联电感电抗。同样,10Ω的串联等效载荷与发电机电阻匹配,以实现最大功率传递。

平行和串联电路当量

有时,有必要将串联的RC或RL电路转换为等效的并行RC或RL电路,反之亦然。这种转换在RLC电路分析和设计中很有用(图4).



这些等效物还可以帮助解释L-NETWORKS和其他阻抗匹配电路如何工作。名称是:

Rs= series resistance

Rp=平行电阻

Xs= series reactance

Xp=平行电抗


转换公式是:

Rs= rp/(q2+ 1)

Xs= xp/\\ [q2+ 1)Q2\\]

Rp= rs(q2+ 1)

Xp= xs\\[(Q2+1)/ Q2\\]

Q = v\\[Rp/(rs– 1)\\]

Q = XL/ Rs

Q = Rp/ XC

如果Q大于5,则可以使用简化的近似值:

Rp= q2Rs

Xp= xs

Design Example #2

从433-MHz工业 - 科学医学(ISM)频带发射机到5-Ω环形天线阻抗的输出阻抗匹配50Ω的输出阻抗(图5).

q = v \\ [(rg/ RL) - 1 \\]

Q = v\\[(50/5) – 1\\] = v\\[(10) – 1\\] = v9 = 3

XL= QRL= 3(5)=15Ω

l = xL/2pf

L = 15/2(3.14)(433 x 106)

L = 5.52 NH

XC= rg/ Q

XC= 50/3 = 16.17 Ω

C = 1/2pfXC

C = 1/2(3.14)(433 x 106)(16.67)

C = 22 PF

在此示例中,电容器,电感器和载荷电阻形成平行谐振电路(图6).


回想一下,平行谐振电路的作用就像等效电阻。谐振等效电阻(rR)可以通过以下方式计算平行RLC电路

RR= L/CR

or:

RR= r(q2+1)

RR= L/CR = 5.52 x 10–9/(22 x 10–12)(5)=50.18Ω

RR= r(q2+1)= 5(32+ 1) = 50 Ω

在这两种情况下,平行谐振负载等效电阻为50Ω,等于发电机电阻,允许最大功率传递。同样,应该对这些值进行调整,以包括任何负载反应性组件。等效的高通网络也可以使用。一个好处是,如果需要,系列电容器可以阻止直流。

A Modern Application

在无线电通信中,一个常见的问题是将发射器,接收器或收发器与给定天线匹配。大多数收发器的设计具有标准的50-Ω输入或输出阻抗。天线阻抗从几个欧姆到一千多欧姆都可能差异很大。

To meet the need to match a transceiver to an antenna, the modern antenna tuner has been developed. Manual versions with tunable capacitors and switched tapped inductors have been available for years. Today, modern antenna tuners are automated. When the transceiver is in the transmit mode, the tuner automatically adjusts to ensure the best impedance match possible for maximum power transfer.


Figure 7显示一个代表性调谐器。它本质上是一个L网络,通过切换不同电容的不同值内或/或在电感器上切换不同的水龙头以改变电感率来自动调整。微控制器根据某些算法执行开关以进行阻抗匹配。

The criterion for determining a correct match is measuring the standing wave ratio (SWR) on the transmission line. The SWR is a measure of the forward and reflected power on a transmission line. If impedances are properly matched, there will be no reflected power and all generated power will be sent to the antenna. The most desirable SWR is 1:1 or 1. Anything higher indicates reflected power and a mismatch. For example, an SWR value of 2 indicates a reflected power of approximately 11%.

Figure 7,特殊的SWR传感器电路可测量并反射功率,并为微控制器提供比例DC值。微控制器具有内部类似物到数字转换器(ADC),可为阻抗匹配算法提供二进制值。微控制器的其他输入是频率计数器电路的频率和通过阻抗测量电路测量的实际复杂负载阻抗。

一种典型的商业自动化天线调谐器MFJ Enterprises MFJ-928的工作频率范围为1.8至30 MHz,并且可以处理最高200 W的RF功率。它的SWR匹配范围为8:1,阻碍小于50Ω对于大于50Ω的阻抗,最多32:1。

总阻抗匹配范围用于6至1600-Ω范围内的负载。电容的范围为256步的0至3900 PF,范围电感为0至24 µH,分别为256步。请注意,电容可以在电感器前或之后切换。这总共提供了131,072种不同的L/C匹配组合。

这种自动调谐器被广泛用于业余无线电和军方,其中可以使用不同频率上的多个天线。该方法还用于大功率工业应用中,例如将RF等离子体蚀刻器中半导体蚀刻室的复杂阻抗与50-o千瓦的功率放大器输出相匹配。电动机通常用于在闭环伺服反馈系统中改变电容器和电感器。

参考

  1. Automatic L-network calculator:http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/research/rf/projects/60ghz/matching/impmatch.html
  2. Frenzel, Louis E. Jr.,RF Power for Industrial Applications. Prentice Hall/Pearson, 2004,www.ece.msstate.edu/~donohoe/ece433333notes5.pdf

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