What you’ll learn:
- How battery innovation (e.g., solid-state batteries) may change the landscape in relation to range, lifespan, efficiency, acceleration, and charging-speed capabilities.
- 市场上正在评估哪些技术以提高电池的能源能力？
- Important tests and measurements to evaluate the performance of powertrain and battery components.
The regulatory push to reach net-zero emissions and increased customer preference for electric vehicles (EVs) has resulted in 18 of the 20 largest auto-manufacturing OEMs in the world committing to increase their EV sales and offerings, according to theIEA。在接下来的五到十年中，这些OEM在未来的五到十年中注入了2000亿美元的新投资，这些OEM集中在三个趋势领域：电气化和电池，连接的汽车和下一代自动驾驶汽车。
Successfully moving the market to a point where EVs are accessible to everyone will require the ability to quickly evaluate, test, and analyze components and systems from the lab to the field during the design process.
These trends, the innovations around them, and their unique testing challenges and solutions are what will “drive” the market into the future. Everything from how automakers are structured, financed, and go to market was optimized around the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE). But this competence is shifting, and automakers are transitioning from ICEs to powertrain and batteries. The century-long reign of the ICE powertrain has an expiration date now.
在这三个关键领域中，许多新兴的创新和市场趋势集中在解决当今的一些锂离子电池挑战。随着客户的拥抱，电池需求已经穿过屋顶。
According toMcKinsey，据估计，从现在到2030年，电池市场的增长率约为30％（CAGR），达到约4,000-GWh的容量，相当于大约90个Gigafactories。Today, China is responsible for the lion’s share of production for lithium-ion batteries（见图）。但是，诸如固态电池之类的电池创新可能会改变这种情况。
锂离子与固态电池
Using lithium-ion batteries in cars is trending today, but these batteries have performance issues in relation to range, lifespan, efficiency, acceleration, and charging-speed capabilities. The ions in lithium batteries move through liquid, making them heavier, which negatively impacts range.
因此，汽车制造商正在寻求转向使用固体材料的固态电池，从而减轻重量，进而改善车辆的范围。固态电池的另一个优点是它们具有更高的能量密度。电池越密集，一次充电可以提取的范围越长。
走远
随着OEM的研究方法来改善电池性能，最重要的两个因素是：电动汽车一次充电多远，电池可以持续多长时间？
改善距离和时间的方法之一是公司rease the number of battery cells per battery pack in a vehicle. However, this isn’t an optimal solution because both the vehicle’s price and its weight will rise. To extend the range of a battery on a single charge, the energy capacity must be increased. The industry is examining a few different ways to accomplish this goal:
- Increase the battery energy density measured in watt per hour (W/hr). This is the path the industry is pursuing today. Since the introduction of lithium-ion, its specific energy has gone up at 6% CAGR year-over-year since 1991. This is lower than the energy density of regular gas that we put in our traditional vehicles today by a factor of a 100. So, there’s lots of room to improve.
- 通过跳过模块，从“单元到模块到包装”订单中删除模块。直接从单元格到包装级别可以减少车辆的重量，从而单一充电，改善车辆的范围。但是，这引入了热条件和连接，需要额外的接线。
- 提高从电池组中的直流电到电动汽车中的交流牵引电机的有效能量转换。牵引运动转换效率提高了将电池组中存储在DC中的能量转换为物理向前移动车辆的能量的过程。
Much more work is needed in relation to battery life. Some of the drawbacks of lithium-ion batteries is they tend to overheat and get easily damaged at very high voltages. In some cases, they can lead to thermal runaways and combustion. Over the lifetime of the battery, the energy storage capacity diminishes. The hope is when we switch to solid-state batteries, some of those lithium-ion tradeoffs will no longer be a concern.
Measurement Challenges: Testing for Safety, Efficiency, and Power
制造商依靠准确的测试和测量工具来评估动力总成和电池组件的性能。电动机的功率和效率代表用于评估和与电池存储相互作用的决定性变量。他们还确定了电动汽车的里程和范围。
在动力总成方面，某些测量值，例如机械功率，DQ0测量（逆变器控制逻辑）以及电气测量对于评估牵引逆变器的整体系统效率非常重要。在电池侧，制造商专注于改善电池的寿命，同时减少充电时间并增加能量密度（W/HR）。
开发了用于细胞，模块和系统级测试的不同集合和测试方法。可以在系统级别使用相同的仪器。一些例子常见测量从电池测试的角度来看，包括内部电阻测量。
DC测量，开路电压（OCV）在放松时间后测量电池端子处的电压。OCV是表征当今汽车应用中使用的锂离子电池的关键方法之一。其他测量值是泄漏电流，电荷和放电脉冲等。
在电池包水平上，某些测试比其他测试更重要，尤其是在母线焊接周围。当电池组装时，错误的焊缝会产生过多的热量，这可能导致性能甚至电池故障。还有温度和环境测试，自放电测试以及电池管理系统（BMS）测试。BMS是一个智能系统，可坐着并监视电动电动电动电池组的充电状态（SOC）和健康状况（SOH）。需要进行许多测试和标准化，以改善电动汽车可以行驶的距离，并可能在将来的城市航空出租车旅行多远。
EV汽车测试现在要求制造商在越来越苛刻的环境中测试车辆性能，例如极端条件非常冷或冷的位置。Tektronix最近，引入了一个入门级台式示波器，该示波器无处不在，从实验室到字段，而没有损害功能。
由公司作为其类型的第一个呈现2 Series Mixed Signal Oscilloscope是一种便携式，轻巧的范围，旨在简化各个垂直和测试位置的工程师必须完成的工作。随着现场测试变得越来越重要，工程团队通常位于世界各地，因此本地集成的软件工具使工程师可以跨时区进行协作，故障排除和调试设计。
概括
To grow the EV market substantially, advances in battery technology alone will not be sufficient. Government regulations, industry standards, safety and reliability, and ensuring critical data from the in-vehicle network is given priority all will play a role during the continued development of EVs, the connected car, AVs, and even future electric air vehicles. The goal is for EVs with a 350-mile range to be accessible for all. On this front, Tektronix is committed to helping its customers build a sustainable future, where technology is leveraged to make the world a better place.
